Suicides in Prisons: The Hidden Crisis Unmasked
Prison Suicide Epidemic: Measures Institutions Implement to Combat Self-Harm Incidents - Prison Suicide Predicament: Measures Prisons Can Implement for Prevention
In the grim world of correctional facilities, inmates are often stripped of their freedom and traditionally supportive networks. Coping becomes a challenge for many as they face the dread of physical and sexual violence, loss of control, harsh living conditions, and the sting of their past actions.
From 2000 to 2023, a heartbreaking total of 1,794 inmates in German prisons chose to end their lives - 1,736 men and 58 women. These sobering figures were gathered through a nationwide survey on suicides in custody. The average yearly loss was 72 lives, with numbers fluctuating from 43 in 2019 to 117 in 2000. In the region of Baden-Württemberg, the numbers were equally disheartening.
So, how many suicides have occurred within prison walls in Baden-Württemberg?
Over the past ten years, 89 inmates in the region took their own lives, a statistic shared by the Ministry of Justice. All the victims were adult males aged between 17 and 79. Utilizing belts, bedding, and cords, most suicides were committed by strangulation. The years with the highest number of reported cases include 2016, 2021, and 2022, with 12 deaths each, while the fewest incidents - 5 each - were documented in 2018 and 2020.
Who are the prime targets of this tragedy?
According to research, certain groups face a heightened risk of suicide, including newly sentenced prisoners, younger and older inmates, those in solitary confinement, those with a history of violence or sexual offenses, those with mental health issues, substance abuse problems, a history of suicide attempts, or those facing lengthy jail sentences.
When is the risk of suicide at its peak?
The pre-trial detention phase, marked by uncertainty and upheaval, is notoriously stressful and hence, represent a significant risk period for potential suicides. Figure 1 shows the daily suicide rate for inmates in bail and those serving sentences.
Figure 1 - Daily suicide rate for inmates in bail and those serving sentences in Baden-Württemberg
A crucial period of vulnerability, the pretrial detention phase sees detainees, particularly those aged 40 and over, taking their own lives within the first three days of detention. Many were detained on suspicion of manslaughter or sexual offenses. Burnout, characterized by emotional exhaustion, is often observed in inmates after about 60 days of imprisonment, and most suicides occur in solitary confinement at night.
How are inmates screened for potential risks?
In an attempt to accurately identify individuals at risk of suicide, a criminologically-accompanied screening process was introduced across the state. The aim is to identify at-risk inmates early, during the intake phase, using a questionnaire.
To facilitate communication and appropriate action, inmates are approached with sensitivity, without judgment, nor accusations. Non-verbal cues, like facial expressions and body language, and the conversation partner's own intuitions are also crucial in identifying potential suicidal thoughts and tendencies. The application does not replace empathetic interaction with inmates beyond the initial assessment.
The role of prison staff is equally critical in understanding the gravity of the situation.
Armed with knowledge of prevention and care, prison staff members are expected to actively prevent suicides, as they are entrusted with the wellbeing of the prisoners. Neglect to act on clear suicidal intentions may lead to legal repercussions for the officers involved.
An efficient suicide prevention mechanism is essential, especially during the early days of imprisonment. Inmates at risk may be placed in camera-monitored cells or communal accommodation with appropriate fellow inmates, taking measures to maintain their safety and wellbeing.
The list of suicide attempts is meticulously documented by the prisons in Baden-Württemberg. With 332 attempts reported between 2014 and 2024, it became evident that the highest number of attempts occurred in 2017 (43 attempts) while the lowest was in 2020 (17 attempts).
Prisoners often suffer more frequently from psychiatric illnesses or substance dependencies than the general population, further compounding the risk factors for suicidal behavior. Hence, close medical and psychiatric care for prisoners is essential in mitigating this crisis.
Communal living arrangements can sometimes provide a support system for vulnerable inmates. Pairing a vulnerable inmate with an experienced one can help build trust and facilitate the exchange of support. Some prisons, such as Schwäbisch Hall and Bruchsal, operate specific programs like the Listener Project and "Inmates for Inmates," respectively, to encourage communication and camaraderie among inmates.
Architectural innovations in new prisons, like the one in Rottweil, are being considered to better integrate suicide prevention strategies. Features such as suicide prevention rooms, Listener cells, and Tandem cells, are being integrated into the design and construction phases of these institutions. The Tandem cells, in particular, are ideal for use during investigative custody or the initial days of incarceration, allowing newly incarcerated individuals to share space with socially competent inmates.
Suicide prevention rooms are supportive elements in the treatment and care of at-risk inmates. The aim is to create a positive environment conducive to treatment and reduce the efforts required by staff. Special considerations include minimizing hooks, bars, and other potential hazards while employing a comfortable design to encourage anxiety-free expression of suicidal thoughts.
With growing awareness and effort toward suicide prevention, it is crucial to continue supporting these measures and instilling a culture of empathy and care within the prison system.
In the quest for a more compassionate prison system, it may be beneficial to incorporate elements of community policy and vocational training into the daily lives of inmates. Such initiatives could foster a sense of belonging and purpose among inmates, tackling one of the root causes of depression and despair often experienced in correctional facilities. Moreover, promoting science and health-and-wellness through education in these areas could help inmates better understand and manage their mental health, thereby potentially reducing the incidence of suicides. Additionally, incorporating mental-health resources into vocational training programs could aid inmates in coping with their emotional struggles, further supporting their healing and rehabilitation process.
