Metformin's Potential Adverse Effects: Exploring Common and Serious Impacts
Metformin, a prescription drug belonging to the class of medications called biguanides, is often used to treat type 2 diabetes. In some cases, doctors may also prescribe metformin off-label to manage Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS).
Metformin is associated with a reduced risk of negative outcomes in females with PCOS. However, it's important to note that like any medication, metformin can cause side effects, primarily affecting the digestive system. Common side effects include heartburn, stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, bloating, gas, diarrhea, constipation, weight loss, headache, and a metallic taste in the mouth.
While metformin doesn't usually cause low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), it can occur in rare cases. Hypoglycemia can occur if metformin is combined with an unhealthy diet, strenuous exercise, excessive alcohol intake, other diabetes medications, or certain other medications. Symptoms of hypoglycemia include weakness, tiredness, nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, dizziness, lightheadedness, and an unusually fast or slow heartbeat.
It's crucial to always talk with a doctor before stopping any prescribed medication, especially metformin. Discussing kidney function and heart problems with a doctor before taking metformin is also important, as these conditions can increase the risk of a serious side effect called lactic acidosis.
In 2021, one brand of metformin extended-release tablets was recalled from the U.S. market due to an unacceptable level of a probable carcinogen. Taking extended-release metformin may help minimize side effects, but be sure to discuss the FDA recall of certain brands to ensure safety.
Starting with a low dose of metformin can help reduce the chances of developing side effects. A study found no long-term negative effects of metformin use during pregnancy, and metformin is generally safe to take during pregnancy or while nursing. However, avoiding excessive alcohol consumption while taking metformin is important, as it can increase the risk of lactic acidosis.
Serious side effects of metformin include lactic acidosis, anemia, and hypoglycemia. Lactic acidosis is a rare but serious problem resulting from a buildup of metformin in the body, causing a pH imbalance. Anemia can occur due to decreased vitamin B12 levels caused by metformin, in rare cases.
In conclusion, while metformin can be an effective treatment for PCOS and type 2 diabetes, it's crucial to understand its potential side effects and risks. Always discuss any concerns with a healthcare professional and follow their advice regarding dosage, diet, exercise, and potential interactions with other medications.
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